![]() As a community we need to qualify the statements we make about jellyfish to strike a better balance between perpetuating perception and accurately portraying the state of knowledge. Claims that strongly affirm anthropogenic stressors as causes of jellyfish blooms appear to be amplifying the evidence beyond that available. We conclude that, although anthropogenic stressors could enhance jellyfish blooms, robust evidence is limited. We identified three major limitations in the evidence cited to support claims: (1) it was dominated by studies of two wide-spread and highly invasive taxa ( Aurelia aurita and Mnemiopsis leidyi) that may not represent the responses of jellyfishes more generally (2) the empirical evidence cited was dominated by correlative studies which, whilst useful for generating hypotheses, cannot attribute causation and (3) the reviews most commonly-cited as evidence mostly cited circumstantial evidence and other reviews and provided conceptual models of how stressors could influence blooms, rather than robust evidence. Almost half the papers contained statements claiming that blooms were facilitated by anthropogenic stressors but most (70%) afforded a low degree of affirmation to the claim. For each statement we recorded the affirmation afforded to the claim, identified the stressors purported to cause blooms, the sources cited to support the statement, the type of study cited and the species studied in the cited source. Our search of the Web of Science returned 365 papers on “jellyfish blooms.” Each paper was searched for statements linking jellyfish blooms to specific anthropogenic stressors. ![]() We used a citation analysis of papers published on “jellyfish blooms” to assess the extent to which such claims are made and the robustness of the evidence cited to support claims. The perception that anthropogenic stressors cause jellyfish blooms is widespread within the scientific literature and media but robust evidence in support of these claims appears scarce. 5Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.4Young Scientist Academy, Wilmington, NC, United States.3National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton Waterfront Campus, Southampton, United Kingdom.2Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia. ![]() 1Griffith School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.
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